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Soy biodiesel What is soy biodiesel? Biodiesel consists of mono alkyl esters produced from vegetable oils,animal or old cooking fats. Soy biodiesel is fuel alternative produced from soybean oil. Biodiesel contains no petroleum diesel, but it can be blended with petroleum diesel. Since the oil embargo of 1973 by the OPEC a lot of research was done on biodiesel in various universities and government agencies in the USA. Soy biodiesel can be used in diesel engines with little or no modifications. Soy biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the soybean oil. The process gives two products: methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (used to make soap). Biodiesel is mainly produced and used in the USA. In 1999 about 0.5 million gallons was produced and this value increased to about 25 million gallons in 2003. Advantages of soy biodiesel As compared to normal diesel, soy biodiesel has following advantages

What are soy candles? Soy candles are made from soy wax, which is hydrogenated soybean oil. Soy wax was invented in 1992 by Michael Richards who was looking for a cheaper alternative to beeswax. As he entered the candle industry he realized there was a growing demand for natural wax candles. Soy wax is often mixed with fragrances to produces scented soy candles. They are available in supermarkets and specialized stores and can also be bought online. It is also easy and very rewarding making soy candles at home. Advantages of soy candles Soy candles have to following advantages compared to paraffin wax candles: Soy candles are cheap - Beeswax is a great natural alternative to paraffin, but to get the same results as a soy-based candle, it is very expensive. Soy wax is a new alternative to paraffin wax that is cost effective. Soy wax is also made from a renewable source. Soy wax is all-natural - Soy wax is a favorite of environmentally conscious people because it is not made from petrole

Benefits of soy There is no denying that soy has many health benefits. These health benefits are mainly coming form the quality of the soy proteins and form the isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Below you can find the main health benefits of soy. Soy improves bone health Soy products, such as soy milk, do not contain a lot of calcium but the soy isoflavones may help to reduce the osteoporosis risk. Several studies have suggested that soy isoflavones may be a factor in helping to prevent bone loss. The isoflavone genistein seems to inhibit bone breakdown and may have similar effects than estrogens in maintaining bone tissue. Soy can also indirectly improve bone health. Diets which are high in animal protein cause more calcium to be excreted in the urine. Replacing animal protein with soy protein may help to prevent calcium loss from the bones. Soy relieves menopausal symptoms Epidemiological data show that Asian women suffer less from hot flashes and night sweats compared to Western w

What is soy milk? Soy milk is made by soaking soybeans, grinding them with water. The fluid which results after straining is called soy milk. You can make soy milk at home with basic kitchen tools or with a soy milk machine. Soy milk is most commonly found in aseptic cartons. Most of the soy milk available in the market is flavoured and fortified with extra calcium or vitamins. The most popular flavours are vanilla and chocolate. Some producers add thickeners to their soy milk to give it a mouth feel of cow's milk. Traditionally, soy milk has a beany taste which is well accepted by the Chinese, but less by the Western palate. By using correct processing techniques, this beany taste can be reduced or eliminated. Recently, with the recognition of its health benefits and with its improved flavor and texture, soy milk has now a high and rising acceptance. Sometimes, use is made of protein isolates from soy bean which are mixed with water, oils, sugars, stabilisers to give it a milky ap

Growing soybeans has become increasingly popular with home gardeners. These warm weather plants are native to Africa, Asia, and Australia. They have gained popularity here due to their health benefits. They are high in fiber and protein, and area good source of calcium. They taste good ,too. Home gardeners find it is easy to grow soybeans. They are grown just like any other bush bean, and produce high yields. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Days to Maturity: Plants require about 85 days to harvest. Try succession planting for continuous harvest over several weeks. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sowing Soybean Seeds: Plant outdoors after the last frost date for your area. Soil should be warm before planting. Sow Soybean seeds 2 inches apart, in rows 20" to 24" apart. If your garden space is limited, plant in double rows. Water well after planting, and a second time two to four d

Uses of Cassava Cassava is known by various names in Nigeria. To mention a few, the plant is called akpu by Igbos’, ege by Yorubas’, igari by Ikas’, rogo by Hausas’, ijiakpu by Olukwumis’, midaka by Urohbos’, iwa by Anags’/Ibibios’, okponkoro by Ijaws’, and bobozi by Ishans’. Nutritionally, cassava contains potassium, iron, calcium, vitamin A, folic acid, sodium, vitamin C, vitamin B-6, and protein. Cassava is applicable in many types of products such as food, confectionery, sweeteners, glues, plywood, textiles, paper, biodegradable products, monosodium glutamate, and drugs. Cassava chips and pellets are used in animal feed and alcohol production. Cassava utilisation Gari Fufu flour High quality cassava flour Tapioca Lafun Kpokpogari Glucose syrup Glue Starch Ethanol Composite bread Livestock feed Postharvest equipment Peelers Washers Graters Pressers Extruders Millers Dryers Pelletizer Sealers Packaging materials Ethanol Cassava chips are an alternative source of

Features Designed for uprooting cassava. Consists of a frame to which a footboard and immovable griping jaws are attached, a lever (handle) which is hinged to the frame. Capacity 200 plants/man-hour Cost N7500 (US$56.16) Contact National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), KM. 20, Ilorin-Lokoja Highway, Idofian, PMB 1525, Ilorin, Nigeria Telephone 031-224831, 224836 Email ncam@skannet.com Cassava Utilization Gari Fufu flour High quality cassava flour Tapioca Lafun Kpokpogari Glucose syrup Glue Ethanol Composite bread Livestock feed industry Livestock feed products Starch in paper, etc. Starch in food Starch production NCAM Peeling Tool Features High quality peeling blade and handle made of mild steel Capacity 35kg/hr Cost N2600 (US$19.47) Contact National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) Address KM. 20, Ilorin-Lokoja Highway, Idofian, PMB 1525, Ilorin, Nigeria Telephone 031-224831, 224836 Email ncam@skannet.com Postharvest Equipment Peelers W

Features Designed for uprooting cassava. Consists of a frame to which a footboard and immovable griping jaws are attached, a lever (handle) which is hinged to the frame. Capacity 200 plants/man-hour Cost N7500 (US$56.16) Contact National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), KM. 20, Ilorin-Lokoja Highway, Idofian, PMB 1525, Ilorin, Nigeria Telephone 031-224831, 224836 Email ncam@skannet.com Cassava Utilization Gari Fufu flour High quality cassava flour Tapioca Lafun Kpokpogari Glucose syrup Glue Ethanol Composite bread Livestock feed industry Livestock feed products Starch in paper, etc. Starch in food Starch production NCAM Peeling Tool Features High quality peeling blade and handle made of mild steel Capacity 35kg/hr Cost N2600 (US$19.47) Contact National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) Address KM. 20, Ilorin-Lokoja Highway, Idofian, PMB 1525, Ilorin, Nigeria Telephone 031-224831, 224836 Email ncam@skannet.com Postharvest Equipment Peelers W

Postharvest Equipment The major constraint of cassava is that the roots deteriorate rapidly. Cassava roots have a shelf-life of 24–48 hours after harvest. Fresh roots must be processed within 2 to 3 days from harvest. This transformation requires equipment for peeling, grating, boiling, fermenting, drying, frying, and milling. A wide range of cassava processing techniques exists along with relevant equipment for processing the roots into various cassava products in Nigeria and elsewhere. The quality, standards, and specialization of equipment differ by cassava product, fabricator, and country. Equipment may be designed to produce multiple products, while other are designed for specific cassava products. The equipment presented in this document can be used for small and medium-level cassava enterprises. Cassava Utilization Gari Fufu flour High quality cassava flour Tapioca Lafun Kpokpogari Glucose syrup Glue Ethanol Composite bread Livestock feed industry Livestock feed products Star

Chips and Chunks Investment profile for cassava chips production for livestock feed drying with trays Peeled Chips Unpeeled Chips Capacity 2.5t/day 2.5t/day Output per annum 195t 325t Price Naira/t 20000 18000 Number of working days 180 180 Dry load density 16kg/m2 16kg/m2 Conversion factor 03:01 2.5:1 Raw material required/annum 585t 812t Fixed Cost Processing building 750,000 750,000 Chipping machines (2 unit double chipper of 1t/day) 160,000 160,000 Weighing scale 25,000 25,000 Well (water source) 20000 20000 Installation & other expenses @5% 47,750 47,750 Interest on capital @ 22.5% 225618.75 225618.75 Total cost 1,228,369 1,228,369 Other materials required include: Drying trays (115 nos), rakes, shovels, wheel barrows, basins/tanks for washing and chipping (10 nos), packaging and storage material (bags, ropes, funnel). Costs are based on 2005 prices. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Investment profile for cas

Flour At 33% capacity utilisation, the flour milling industry requires about 200,000mt of cassava flour per annum. This will require 200 plants of about 1000t capacity per year. This is a business opportunity for investors and agro processors. A 1000t per annum output plant is considered a small-scale plant. There are also higher capacity plants especially flash dryers that can be imported from Brazil and other countries. Nothing stops investors with means to put up large-scale plants (of 2000 to 10,000t/day). But there are obvious supply chain problems for very large-scale HQCF plants. For equity reasons small-scale plants of 1000t per annum may be more appropriate. There is local capacity for the development of small-scale plants in Nigeria using locally fabricated machinery. Machinery can also be imported. High quality cassava flour can also be produced at the micro level (i.e. 100t/year output). Following is an investment profile for both levels of investment with options for impo

Cassava Production Site selection Choose an accessible well-drained fertile soil. Varieties The following varieties are recommended for their high yield and processing quality: TMS 30572, NR 8082, NR8083, TMS 4(2) 1425, TMS 81/00110, TMS 92/0326. An additional 10 varieties are in the process of being released. Weed control and land preparation A total herbicide – Round up (a glyphosate) should be applied at the rate of 4–5 l/ha 10 days before land preparation. For cost effectiveness and optimum plant population, mechanization and planting on ridges are recommended. Liming It is recommended that 5 (50 kg) bags of agricultural lime be applied /ha during land preparation. Planting and planting material 1. Planting starts in April and can be extended to October. 2. The quantity recommended